Advocate Help Desk — Nyaya Saathi Pro

📜 PIL (Delhi High Court)

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Draft a Public Interest Litigation petition complying with Delhi High Court Rules.

Precedent Search: In Research Studio, ask for Delhi HC rulings on your specific social issue (e.g., pollution, safety).
Rule Check: Ask: "Summarize Rule 11 of the Delhi HC PIL Rules 2010 regarding petitioner's credentials."
Drafting: Prompt: "Draft a PIL under Article 226 for the Delhi HC. Include the required credentials, non-private interest declaration, and the specific prayer."
Verify: Use the Verify Citations tool to check any landmark SC cases mentioned.

🏛️ Money Recovery Suit

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Draft a complete civil plaint for unpaid loans or commercial invoices.

Open Drafts: Go to the "Draft Documents" tab in the sidebar.
Select Template: Click on "Civil Plaint" from the Litigation section.
Input Details: Fill in the Plaintiff/Defendant names, Court, and Case Facts.
Generate: Click "Generate Draft with AI". Claude Sonnet will structure the plaint under Order VII Rule 1 CPC.
Review: Copy the text to your editor or print as PDF.

💡 Tip: Use the "Verify Citations" tool afterward to check any AI-suggested case laws.

🏠 Property Disputes

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Research and draft for specific performance or possession cases.

Research Precedents: Open "Research Studio" and ask for the latest SC rulings on the Specific Relief Act 1963.
Save References: Click the "Save" icon next to AI-found cases to keep them in your Reference Gallery.
Drafting: Switch to "Draft Documents" and select Civil Plaint.
Injunction: If urgency exists, use the "Interlocutory Application" template for Order XXXIX relief.

⚡ Injunction — Order XXXIX Analysis

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Test your injunction application against the three-part test before filing and draft the IA.

Three-Part Test: Research Studio → "Apply the Order XXXIX injunction test to these facts: [describe]. Is this a case for ex parte or notice injunction?" — AI assesses prima facie case, balance of convenience, and irreparable harm.
Urgency Check: Prompt: "The defendant has just published an advertisement to sell the disputed property. Does this justify an ex parte injunction? What undertaking in damages will the court require?"
Draft IA: My Cases → Draft → "Interim Application" — select Order XXXIX Rule 1/2. The AI frames each limb of the three-part test in the grounds paragraphs.
Attachment Before Judgment: If defendant may remove assets — prompt: "My client has a money claim. Defendant appears to be disposing of assets. Is Order XXXVIII Rule 5 CPC (attachment before judgment) available?" Draft a separate IA for attachment.

💡 An ex parte injunction can be vacated if the plaintiff suppressed material facts from the court. Always disclose any prior settlement attempts, delays, or adverse orders in the same matter.

📋 Enforcing a Decree — Execution

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Convert a civil decree into actual recovery — choose the right mode of execution for the judgment debtor's assets.

Mode Selection: Research Studio → "I have a money decree against [Judgment Debtor]. He has [bank accounts / immovable property / salary income]. Which mode of execution under Order XXI CPC is most effective? What is the limitation period under Article 136 Limitation Act?"
Property Search: Ask: "How do I trace the judgment debtor's immovable property for attachment? What are the steps — revenue records, sub-registrar search?"
Draft Application: My Cases → Draft → "Execution Application (Order XXI CPC)" — specifying the mode, property description, and outstanding amount.
If Resisted: Research Studio → "Judgment debtor is resisting delivery of possession (Order XXI Rule 97 CPC). What is the procedure?" Draft a fresh application for removal of resistance.

💡 You have 12 years from the date of decree to file for execution (Article 136 Limitation Act). But it is better to file promptly — judgment debtor can dispose of assets and become judgment-proof.

⚖️ Writ Petition — Article 226 HC

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Challenge government or statutory authority action in the High Court.

Choose the Writ: Research Studio → "The [authority] passed order [describe]. Is the correct writ certiorari (to quash), mandamus (to compel action), or prohibition (to restrain)? What constitutional provision is violated?" — AI identifies the correct writ and grounds.
Natural Justice: Prompt: "Was the authority required to give notice and hear the petitioner before passing this order? Was the duty to give reasons breached?" — critical for Article 14 arbitrariness and natural justice grounds.
Draft Writ: My Cases → Draft → "Writ Petition (Article 226)". The AI structures grounds under the correct constitutional provisions with numbered paragraphs and a stay prayer.
Interim Stay: File a separate interim application for stay of the impugned order simultaneously with the writ petition — critical to prevent implementation before the next hearing.

💡 HC under Article 226 can direct ANY person or authority in its territorial jurisdiction — including private bodies discharging public functions. The scope is broader than Article 32 (Supreme Court).

🔓 Bail Applications

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Secure release for clients under the new BNSS or old CrPC.

New Case: Create a case file in "My Cases" and upload the FIR copy.
Analyze FIR: In Research Studio, prompt: "Analyze this FIR for ingredients of S.302 IPC. Find weaknesses."
Drafting: Open "Draft Documents" and select "Bail Application".
Choice of Law: Use the "Grounds" field to specify if you want it under CrPC or BNSS sections.

💸 Cheque Bounce (S.138)

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End-to-end management of Negotiable Instruments Act cases.

Legal Notice: Paste the return memo facts in Research Studio and ask the AI to "Draft a statutory notice under S.138 NI Act."
Complaint: Use the "Criminal Complaint" template in the Drafts panel for the court filing.
Evidence: Ask the AI to "Draft the Affidavit in Evidence for the complainant based on the notice sent."

🗑️ Quashing an FIR (Section 528 BNSS)

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Challenge an FIR or prosecution in the High Court using inherent powers under Section 528 BNSS / Section 482 CrPC.

Analyse the FIR: Research Studio → "Analyse this FIR under Section 528 BNSS. Which Bhajan Lal category applies? Are the allegations sufficient to disclose a cognizable offence?" — AI maps each ingredient against the FIR text.
Settlement Check: Prompt: "The parties have now settled. The offence is [Section X BNS]. Is settlement-based quashing permissible for this offence?" — critical step before advising client.
Draft Petition: My Cases → Draft → "Quashing Petition (Section 528 BNSS)". The AI generates the HC petition with numbered Bhajan Lal grounds and stay prayer.
Stay of Trial: File simultaneously in HC with an urgent stay application. Research Studio → "What is the procedure for seeking stay of trial court proceedings pending a quashing petition in [HC name]?"

💡 For matrimonial disputes (Section 85 BNS / 498A IPC) where parties have settled, quashing is permissible even though the offence is non-compoundable. For murder, rape, POCSO, and SC/ST Act offences — settlement alone will not support quashing.

📂 Discharge at the Sessions Court

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Challenge a charge sheet before charges are framed — the discharge stage is often the most cost-effective intervention in a serious criminal case.

Map Ingredients: Research Studio → "Charge sheet filed under Section [X] BNS. Materials available: [list]. Which essential ingredients of the offence are absent from the prosecution's own materials?" — AI goes ingredient by ingredient.
Admissibility Audit: Prompt: "The only evidence against my client is a co-accused's confession. Is this admissible under Section 52 BNSS / Section 26 IEA / Section 22 BSA?" — AI advises on which evidence can be challenged at discharge.
Draft Application: My Cases → Draft → "Discharge Application (Section 250 BNSS)". The AI structures submissions around the non-mini-trial test and ingredient-by-ingredient analysis.
If Refused: Research Studio → "Discharge application refused by Sessions Court. What is the proper remedy — HC revision under Section 438 BNSS or Section 528 BNSS petition?"

💡 Always file written discharge submissions even if oral arguments are heard — they create a record for revision/appeal if discharge is refused, and force the court to record findings on each ingredient.

🛡️ NDPS Defence — Section 50 & Bail

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Defend NDPS cases using procedural violations and mount a bail application under the Section 37 bar.

Section 50 Analysis: Research Studio → "Recovery was from my client's person. Section 50 notice was given orally. No Gazetted Officer/Magistrate was present. Is this fatal to the prosecution?" — AI advises on current SC position.
Quantity Classification: Prompt: "Is [X kg/g] of [drug name] small, intermediate, or commercial quantity under the NDPS Notification?" — determines mandatory minimum sentence and bail bar applicability.
Bail — Section 37 NDPS: Research Studio → "How do I address both conditions of Section 37 NDPS? My client's case: [brief facts favourable to accused]." — AI frames the Section 37 paragraph for the bail application.
Draft Bail Application: My Cases → Draft → "Regular Bail Application (Section 483 BNSS)" — AI inserts the mandatory Section 37 NDPS paragraph with both conditions addressed.

💡 Section 50 compliance is a jurisdictional condition for personal search. Courts have consistently held that non-compliance vitiates the recovery — but the accused must demand presence of a Gazetted Officer; the burden is on him to show the demand was made and ignored.

📜 Contract Review

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Rapidly identify liabilities and risks in commercial agreements.

Upload: Drag and drop the contract PDF into the "Research Studio" chat.
Audit: Prompt: "List the top 5 high-risk clauses for my client (the service provider) in this NDA."
Redline: Ask the AI: "Propose an alternative wording for the Indemnity clause that balances risk."

💼 Legal Opinions

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Generate research-grade legal memos for corporate clients.

Select Template: Open Drafts and choose "Legal Opinion Letter".
Input: Provide the Facts Received and the specific Question of Law.
Refine: Use the AI chat to add specific references to IBC or RERA if required.

🏛️ NCLT — Oppression & Mismanagement

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File or defend a company petition under Sections 241-242 CA 2013 before the National Company Law Tribunal.

Verify Locus: Research Studio → "Does my client holding [X]% equity in [Company] meet the Section 244 CA 2013 threshold to file an oppression petition?"
Map the Grounds: Prompt: "These acts occurred: [describe]. Do they constitute oppression under Section 241(1)(a) or conduct prejudicial to the company under Section 241(1)(b)?"
Draft Petition: My Cases → open the relevant case → Draft accordion → select "NCLT Company Petition (Sections 241-242)" → Generate.
Relief Strategy: Ask: "Under Section 242 CA 2013, which relief is most appropriate — share buyout at fair value, director removal, or winding up in the alternative?"

💡 The civil court bar under Section 430 CA 2013 means any pending civil suit on company affairs should be transferred to or refiled before the NCLT. Flag this to your client early.

⚡ IBC — Filing a Section 9 Application

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Initiate CIRP as an Operational Creditor (supplier, service provider, employee) against a defaulting company.

Check Threshold: Confirm outstanding debt exceeds ₹1 crore — the minimum default threshold under Section 4 IBC (raised by MCA notification, 24 March 2020).
Verify Demand Notice: Research Studio → "I sent a demand notice under Section 8 IBC on [date] by [mode]. The CD replied on [date] saying [brief reply]. Is this a genuine pre-existing dispute that defeats my Section 9 application?"
Propose IRP: Confirm your proposed IRP's IBBI registration number and obtain their written consent letter before filing.
Draft Application: My Cases → Draft → "IBC Section 9 Application — Operational Creditor". All five Parts of Form 5 are structured automatically.
Jurisdiction: File at the NCLT Bench having jurisdiction over the Corporate Debtor's registered office (Section 60 IBC).

💡 A dispute raised by the CD after receiving your demand notice is NOT a pre-existing dispute — courts consistently hold that post-notice disputes are illusory under the Mobilox test.

📊 SEBI SCN — Defence Strategy

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Respond to a SEBI Show Cause Notice for insider trading, open offer non-compliance, or LODR violations.

Identify the Regulation: Research Studio → "I received a SEBI SCN alleging violation of Regulation [X] of the PIT / SAST / LODR Regulations. What are the ingredients of this violation and what are the standard defences?"
Check Limitation: Prompt: "The alleged contravention occurred on [date]. SEBI issued the SCN on [date]. Is this within the 3-year limitation period?"
Draft Reply: ✍ Draft button in Research Studio → type your reply instructions → generates a structured para-wise reply with all defences and a mandatory personal hearing request.
SAT Appeal: If the AO order is adverse, draft a SAT Appeal (Section 15T) and file within 45 days. My Cases → Draft → "SAT Appeal".

💡 Always request a personal hearing in your SCN reply in writing — the AO cannot pass an adverse order without affording one. Record this request even if made orally.

🌐 FEMA Compounding

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Regularise foreign exchange contraventions through voluntary compounding with the Reserve Bank of India.

Identify Contravention: Research Studio → "My client allotted shares to a foreign investor on [date] but filed FCGPR with RBI only on [date] — [X] months late. What is the specific FEMA Regulation violated and what is the compounding process?"
Regularise First: Complete the underlying late filing (FCGPR / FCTRS / ECB return) before filing the compounding application — the violation must be technically cured first.
ED vs RBI: Ask: "Is my client's contravention subject to ED adjudication or RBI compounding?" — confirm the correct forum before filing.
Draft Application: ✍ Draft button → "FEMA Compounding Application". Covers all four Parts and the mandatory undertaking RBI expects.

💡 Compounding with RBI permanently closes the FEMA violation but does NOT extinguish any parallel PMLA proceedings by ED. Both must be handled simultaneously with separate strategies.

🚀 Getting Started (Pro Setup)

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How to set up your professional legal workspace.

Login/Upgrade: Sign in to the Advocate Panel and ensure you are on the "Pro" plan.
Cloud Sync: Go to Settings and choose "Google Drive" or "Local Data" for case storage.
New Case: Create your first case file in "My Cases" to start tracking timelines.

📖 Judgment Summaries

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Convert long rulings into 1-page professional briefs.

Tab Selection: Go to the "Case Briefs" tab in the sidebar.
Input: Paste the judgment text or upload the file.
Generate: Click "Generate Case Brief". The AI will extract Facts, Issues, Ratio, and the Final Order.
Store: Click "Save to Case" to associate it with an active matter.

✅ Citation Verification

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The safety net for every digital advocate.

Final Check: Before filing, open the "Verify Citations" tab.
Process: Paste your entire draft document.
Fix: Use the AI's "Verify" flags to double-check volume and page numbers on SCC Online or Indian Kanoon.

🔓 Bail Application Research

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Criminal

Use before drafting a Regular Bail or Anticipatory Bail application. Paste into Research Studio.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

My client [Name] has been arrested under Section [section number] BNS/IPC for [brief description of offence]. FIR No. [X] dated [date], registered at PS [police station name], [city]. [He/She] has been in custody since [date]. Antecedents: [First offender / prior cases — specify]. Please advise: 1. Strongest grounds for bail under Section 483 BNSS / Section 439 CrPC 2. Factors the court will weigh against bail and how to counter them 3. Relevant Supreme Court guidelines on bail for this category of offence 4. Recommended surety and conditions to propose Cite cases with confidence only — flag any uncertain citations.

💡 Replace bracketed fields with your client's actual details before pasting.

🛡️ Anticipatory Bail Research

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Criminal

Use when your client apprehends arrest but no FIR has been registered yet.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

My client [Name] apprehends arrest under Section [section number] BNS/IPC in connection with [describe the matter briefly — e.g., a property dispute, family complaint, commercial dispute]. No FIR has been lodged yet / FIR No. [X] has been registered at PS [name] on [date]. Please advise on anticipatory bail under Section 482 BNSS / Section 438 CrPC: 1. Factors the court will consider (Sushila Aggarwal guidelines) 2. How to establish genuine apprehension of arrest 3. Conditions likely to be imposed 4. Whether the Sessions Court or High Court is the appropriate forum 5. Draft the key grounds I should include in the application

⚖️ Section 498A / Matrimonial Defence

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Criminal

Use when defending against matrimonial cruelty complaints or seeking quashing of FIR.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

My client [Name] has been charge-sheeted under Section 498A IPC / Section 85 BNS (matrimonial cruelty) based on a complaint by [wife/family member]. FIR No. [X], PS [name], date [date]. Brief facts: [2–3 sentences describing the situation — e.g., allegations are vague, complaint filed after mutual consent divorce proceedings, years of delay in filing, etc.]. Please advise: 1. Prospects for quashing the FIR under Section 528 BNSS / Section 482 CrPC — what threshold must I meet? 2. Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar compliance — was the arrest/remand procedure followed? 3. Grounds for bail if my client is in custody 4. Whether Rajesh Sharma guidelines on Section 498A apply 5. Counter-arguments against the allegations based on the facts

💸 Section 138 NI Act — Defence Research

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Criminal

Use when defending a cheque bounce accused in the trial court.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I represent the accused in a Section 138 NI Act case (cheque dishonour). Key facts: - Cheque No. [X] for Rs [amount], dated [date], drawn on [bank] - Dishonoured on [date] for reason: [funds insufficient / account closed / stop payment / signature mismatch] - Demand notice sent on [date], served on [date] - Complaint filed on [date] Please advise on: 1. Any technical defences — notice period compliance, limitation, proper service, drawer's identity 2. Whether the "stop payment" instruction creates a different legal position than "insufficient funds" 3. Presumption under Section 139 NI Act — how to rebut it effectively 4. Relevant Supreme Court rulings on the specific dishonour reason in my case 5. Grounds for acquittal I should develop in the defence evidence

🏠 Specific Performance — Property

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Civil

Use when filing or defending a suit for specific performance of a sale agreement.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I am filing / defending a suit for specific performance of an agreement to sell. Facts: - Agreement to sell dated [date] between [Plaintiff] and [Defendant] - Property: [brief description — plot/flat, address] - Agreed sale price: Rs [amount] - Amount paid by buyer: Rs [amount] on [date(s)] - Agreed date for execution of sale deed: [date] - The seller has [refused / failed / disappeared] to execute the sale deed Please advise: 1. Maintainability under the Specific Relief Act 1963 (amended 2018 — Section 10 now makes specific performance a right, not discretion) 2. Whether readiness and willingness (Section 16 SRA) is established on these facts 3. Limitation period and how it is calculated for this type of suit 4. Interim injunction under Order XXXIX CPC to restrain further alienation 5. Court fee calculation basis for specific performance suits

🛑 Interim Injunction Application

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Civil

Use before drafting an IA under Order XXXIX CPC in any civil suit.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I need to file an application for interim injunction under Order XXXIX Rules 1 & 2 CPC in the following matter: Nature of main suit: [e.g., specific performance / recovery / trademark infringement / property dispute] Relief sought in IA: [e.g., restrain the defendant from alienating the property / stop infringing use of trademark] Brief facts: [3–4 sentences — what happened, what the defendant is doing or threatens to do, and why it needs to be stopped immediately] Defendant's likely arguments against the injunction: [if known] Please advise: 1. How I establish prima facie case on these facts 2. Balance of convenience analysis — arguments for and against 3. Why the harm is irreparable and damages would not be adequate remedy 4. Whether an ex-parte ad-interim injunction is justified 5. Key Supreme Court cases I should cite in the application

📜 Contract Clause Risk Audit

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Corporate

Use when reviewing a commercial contract for a client. Paste one section at a time for best results.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I am reviewing the following contract clause on behalf of my client, who is the [buyer / seller / service provider / licensor / licensee] in this agreement. Clause: [paste the clause here] Please: 1. Identify any provisions that are one-sided or create disproportionate liability for my client 2. Flag any missing protections (e.g., limitation of liability cap, force majeure, IP ownership) 3. Check enforceability under Indian law — Indian Contract Act 1872, Specific Relief Act, or applicable statute 4. Propose alternative balanced language that protects my client without making the contract unacceptable to the other side 5. Note if any term is void or unenforceable under Indian law (e.g., unreasonable restraint of trade under Section 27 ICA)

💡 For NDAs, focus on the definition of "Confidential Information" and the remedy clause. For service agreements, focus on indemnity and termination clauses.

💼 Legal Opinion — Research Brief

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Corporate

Use to generate the research backbone for a formal legal opinion letter.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I am preparing a formal legal opinion for a client on the following matter. Client type: [individual / private company / public company / government body] Area of law: [e.g., RERA compliance / IBC / GST / employment law / SEBI regulations] Facts received from client: [3–5 sentences summarizing the situation] Question(s) of law to be answered: 1. [First question] 2. [Second question, if any] Please provide: 1. The applicable statutory provisions and regulations 2. Relevant judicial precedents (with citations where certain) 3. Analysis of each question with a clear conclusion 4. Any risks, caveats, or areas of uncertainty I should flag 5. Recommended course of action I will use this as the basis for a formal written opinion — please structure the analysis clearly.

🔄 BNS / IPC Section Comparison

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Research

Use to understand how the new Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 changes a specific offence.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

Compare Section [X] IPC with its equivalent provision in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS) / Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 (BNSS). Please cover: 1. The new section number in BNS/BNSS 2. Key changes to the definition of the offence 3. Changes to punishment (quantum, nature — imprisonment / fine / community service) 4. Changes to cognizability, bailability, and trial court jurisdiction 5. Any new provisions added or old provisions deleted 6. Transitional impact — cases registered under old IPC/CrPC: which law applies? 7. Practical advice for advocates handling cases under both regimes simultaneously

💡 This is especially useful for Section 420 IPC (now Section 318 BNS), Section 302 IPC (now Section 103 BNS), and Section 498A IPC (now Section 85 BNS).

📍 Jurisdiction Analysis

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Research

Use before filing any suit or complaint when parties or cause of action are spread across different locations.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I need to determine which court has jurisdiction to entertain the following matter. Type of case: [civil suit / consumer complaint / criminal complaint / arbitration / RERA complaint] Facts relevant to jurisdiction: - Plaintiff/Complainant resides at: [city/state] - Defendant/Opposite Party resides at: [city/state] - Transaction / contract executed at: [city/state] - Where cause of action arose: [city/state] - Amount / value in dispute: Rs [amount] - Any jurisdiction clause in contract: [Yes — specifies [city] / No] Please advise: 1. Which court(s) have territorial jurisdiction and under which provision 2. If multiple courts have jurisdiction, which forum is most advantageous for my client and why 3. Pecuniary jurisdiction — which level of court (District / HC / SC) 4. Whether a jurisdiction clause in the contract overrides statutory provisions 5. Risk of the suit being returned for want of jurisdiction

📋 FIR Analysis for Defence

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Criminal

Use immediately after receiving a copy of the FIR to identify weaknesses before drafting bail or quashing petition.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

Analyze the following FIR for defence strategy purposes. My client is the accused. [Paste the full text of the FIR here, or summarize the key allegations in 5–8 sentences] Sections invoked: [list the sections — e.g., 302, 307, 34 IPC / 103, 109 BNS] Please advise: 1. Are the ingredients of each invoked section made out from the FIR narration? Identify gaps. 2. Are there any procedural defects in the FIR (delay in registration, vague allegations, omnibus implication)? 3. Which allegations are most serious and which are weakest? 4. Is there scope for quashing under Section 528 BNSS / Section 482 CrPC? 5. What documents / evidence should I collect immediately to build the defence? 6. Recommended immediate steps — bail application, anticipatory bail, or quashing?

💡 Do not paste the client's actual name or identifying details into the research chat. Use [Accused], [Complainant] as placeholders to protect client privacy.

🗑️ Quashing Petition — Bhajan Lal Analysis

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Criminal

Use before drafting a quashing petition — to identify the correct Bhajan Lal category and assess whether settlement-based quashing is permissible.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I am considering a quashing petition under Section 528 BNSS / Section 482 CrPC before the High Court. FIR No.: [X], Police Station: [Y], Date: [Z] Offences alleged: [List BNS/IPC sections — e.g., Section 420/406 BNS or Section 420/406 IPC for pre-July 2024 FIR] Accused: [Role — e.g., accused is the complainant's former business partner / spouse / neighbour] Brief facts of the dispute: [3–5 sentences — describe the underlying dispute, nature of allegations, and any mala fide angle] Settlement status: [Parties have settled / parties are negotiating / no settlement] Please advise: 1. Which Bhajan Lal category (out of the 7 in State of Haryana v. Ch. Bhajan Lal 1992 Supp(1) SCC 335) applies to these facts? 2. Do the allegations in the FIR, taken at face value, disclose the essential ingredients of each offence — or is this an omnibus/general complaint? 3. Is settlement-based quashing available for the offences alleged? (Specify which offences are compoundable / which require HC to assess societal impact) 4. What documents and affidavits should accompany the quashing petition? 5. Recommended strategy: quash on ingredients alone, or file after a compromise deed is executed?

💡 For matrimonial offences (Section 85 BNS / 498A IPC), download the settlement deed before filing the quashing petition — the HC will typically insist on seeing the deed before passing the order.

📂 Discharge Application — Ingredient Analysis

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Criminal

Use when the charge sheet has been filed and you are preparing submissions for discharge before charges are framed.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I am preparing a discharge application under Section 250 BNSS / Section 227 CrPC before the Sessions Court. Sessions Case No.: [X] (arising from FIR No. [Y], PS [Z]) Offences charged: [List all sections — e.g., Section 302 BNS / Section 420/406 BNS] Brief facts as per charge sheet: [3–5 sentences] Prosecution materials available: - Witness statements: [Describe briefly — e.g., "Two witnesses, neither of whom directly witnessed the alleged act"] - Documentary evidence: [e.g., "Bank statement showing fund transfer; no agreement on record"] - Physical evidence: [e.g., "Weapon not recovered from accused; recovery from common premises"] - Forensic report: [if any] My client's case: [1–2 sentences on the defence version] Please advise: 1. List the essential ingredients of each offence charged and identify which ingredient is absent from or unsupported by the prosecution's own materials. 2. Is any part of the prosecution evidence legally inadmissible at the discharge stage (confession without caution, co-accused statement, NDPS Section 50 non-compliance)? 3. What is the legal test for discharge at the Sessions Court stage — frame the submissions accordingly. 4. Draft the key discharge arguments in point form so I can adapt them for the written application.

💡 The discharge test is NOT whether conviction is probable — it is whether the materials, taken at face value, disclose sufficient ground to proceed. Do not let the prosecution conflate these two standards.

💊 NDPS — Section 37 Bail & Section 50 Recovery

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Criminal

Use for NDPS cases — to assess Section 50 compliance, classify the quantity, and frame the Section 37 bail paragraph.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I am advising an accused in an NDPS case. Please analyse the following: Substance seized: [Name of drug — e.g., cannabis / heroin / methamphetamine] Quantity: [Amount in kg/grams] Recovery location: [from accused's person / vehicle / premises / house] Section 50 compliance: - Was a written notice given to the accused before personal search? [Yes / No / Oral only] - Was a Gazetted Officer or Magistrate present during the search? [Yes / No] - Did the accused demand the presence of a Gazetted Officer? [Yes / No / Not recorded] - What does the panchnama state about Section 50 compliance? Chain of custody: [Note any gap — e.g., FSL report delayed, samples not sealed in accused's presence, IO changed mid-investigation] Please advise: 1. Is the quantity small, intermediate, or commercial under the NDPS Notification for this substance? What is the mandatory minimum sentence if convicted? 2. What is the impact of Section 50 non-compliance on admissibility of the recovery — current SC position? 3. How do I address both conditions of Section 37 NDPS in the bail application (not guilty + not likely to re-offend)? 4. What chain-of-custody argument is available on these facts?

💡 Section 37 NDPS applies only to commercial quantity offences. For small and intermediate quantities, ordinary Section 437/480 BNSS bail standards apply — do not concede Section 37 applies if the quantity is borderline.

⚡ IBC Section 9 — Operational Creditor Research

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Corporate

Use before filing a Section 9 application — to verify admissibility and anticipate the Corporate Debtor's defences.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I represent an Operational Creditor intending to file a Section 9 IBC application against a defaulting company. Operational Creditor: [Name — supplier / service provider / employee / government] Corporate Debtor: [Company name] Nature of operational debt: [goods supplied / services rendered / unpaid dues] Amount outstanding: ₹[X] (confirm this is above the ₹1 crore threshold under Section 4 IBC) Date of default: [date] Demand notice under Section 8 IBC: - Sent on: [date] by [mode — registered post / email / hand delivery] - Delivered on: [date] - Corporate Debtor's response: [No reply received / Replied on [date] saying: [brief content]] Please advise: 1. Is this a genuine pre-existing dispute that defeats the Section 9 application (Mobilox test)? 2. Does the demand notice comply with Section 8 requirements — any technical defects? 3. Which NCLT Bench has jurisdiction (Section 60 IBC — registered office of Corporate Debtor)? 4. What documents must I annex with Form 5 to avoid rejection? 5. What is the strongest argument the Corporate Debtor will raise against admission and how do I pre-empt it?

💡 A dispute raised by the CD after your demand notice is NOT a pre-existing dispute. Courts consistently hold post-notice disputes are illusory under Mobilox.

🏛️ NCLT — Oppression & Mismanagement Research

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Corporate

Use when a minority shareholder is being squeezed out or a director is mismanaging the company.

Copy & paste into Research Studio →

I am advising a minority shareholder in an oppression and mismanagement dispute under Sections 241-242 of the Companies Act 2013. My client's position: - Shareholding: [X]% equity out of [N] total equity shareholders - Company: [Name], private limited / public limited, incorporated [year] - Nature of business: [brief description] Acts of oppression / mismanagement alleged: 1. [Describe first act with date — e.g., majority shareholder passed board resolution removing client as director without notice on [date]] 2. [Describe second act — e.g., funds diverted to a related-party company at below-market rates, transaction dated [date]] 3. [Describe third act — e.g., AGM has not been held for [X] years; financial statements withheld from my client] Please advise: 1. Does my client meet the Section 244 CA 2013 locus standi threshold (10% equity or 100 members)? 2. Do the described acts constitute "oppression" under Section 241(1)(a) or conduct "prejudicial to company's interests" under Section 241(1)(b)? 3. What relief under Section 242 CA 2013 is most appropriate on these facts? 4. Is there urgency justifying an interim injunction from NCLT to restrain further acts? 5. Is winding up in the alternative a realistic prayer or will it weaken the petition?

💡 Winding up as an alternative prayer often weakens the petition — NCLT prefers to regulate affairs rather than dissolve. Include it only if the business is genuinely deadlocked.

📊 SEBI SCN — Defence Research

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Corporate

Use immediately after receiving a SEBI Show Cause Notice to map the defence before drafting the reply.

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I received a SEBI Show Cause Notice and need to formulate a defence. SCN details: - Reference No.: [X], dated [date] - Issued by: [Adjudicating Officer / Whole Time Member / Board] - Alleged violation: [Regulation number — e.g., Regulation 4(1) SEBI (PIT) Regulations 2015 / Regulation 3 SEBI (SAST) Regulations 2011 / Regulation 30 LODR] - Nature of allegation: [e.g., traded shares of [Company] while in possession of UPSI / failed to make open offer / delayed disclosure of material event] - Penalty proposed: ₹[amount] - Period of alleged violation: [date range] My client: [director / promoter / connected person / listed company / officer] Key defence facts: [e.g., the information was already in public domain on [date] before the trade / client is not a connected person within Regulation 2(1)(d) / disclosure was made but delayed due to [reason]] Please advise: 1. What must SEBI prove for this specific regulation — list the ingredients? 2. What are the strongest available defences on these facts? 3. Is there a limitation argument (3-year bar from date of contravention)? 4. What mitigating factors reduce the penalty? 5. What is the SAT appeal process if the AO order is adverse?

💡 Request a personal hearing formally in writing in your reply — record it even if made orally. The AO cannot pass an adverse order without affording one.

🌐 FEMA Compounding — Research

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Corporate

Use when your client has a foreign exchange contravention they want to regularise before ED takes cognisance.

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I am advising a client on a FEMA compounding matter. Client type: [Indian company / individual / LLP] Nature of transaction: [e.g., FDI received from foreign investor / ECB borrowed from overseas lender / shares transferred to non-resident buyer] Nature of contravention: [e.g., FCGPR was not filed within 30 days of allotment — shares allotted on [date], filing made on [date], delay of [X] months] [OR: Prior RBI approval was not obtained before [describe transaction] which required the approval route under the FDI Policy] [OR: ECB funds were used for [purpose] which is an end-use restriction under the RBI Master Direction on ECB] Amount of foreign exchange involved: USD / INR [amount] Steps taken to regularise: [e.g., late filing completed on [date] / approval obtained / funds repatriated] Please advise: 1. Which specific FEMA provision / RBI Regulation has been violated? 2. Is compounding with RBI (Section 15 FEMA) the correct route, or should this go to ED? 3. What is the compounding process — documents required, timeline, expected compounding amount? 4. Does this create any PMLA exposure that needs to be addressed separately with ED? 5. Are there conditions precedent that must be satisfied before filing the compounding application?

💡 Compounding with RBI is not available if ED has already initiated proceedings for the same transaction. Check ED's status before applying to RBI.

🛑 Injunction — Three-Part Test Analysis

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Civil

Use before filing an Order XXXIX IA to stress-test the three limbs and identify the weakest points the respondent will exploit.

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I am filing an interim injunction application under Order XXXIX Rule 1 and 2 CPC. Nature of suit: [specific performance / title dispute / restraint of breach of contract / IP infringement / other] Court: [District Court / HC — Commercial Division / HC — Original Side] Facts: [3–5 sentences describing the dispute and the act I want the court to restrain] What I want restrained: [precise description — e.g., "Restrain the defendant from alienating, mortgaging, or creating third-party rights in property bearing Survey No. [X]" / "Restrain the defendant from using the plaintiff's trademark XYZ in any product or packaging"] Timeline: - Cause of action arose on: [date] - I am filing the suit on: [date] - Urgency for ex parte: [Yes — describe why / No] Apply the three-part injunction test (Dalpat Kumar v. Prahlad Singh (1992) 1 SCC 719): 1. Prima facie case: does the plaintiff have an arguable claim to the right they assert? 2. Balance of convenience: who suffers more — grant or refuse? 3. Irreparable harm: will damages adequately compensate the plaintiff if restrained now? 4. Is an ex parte order justified on these facts? What undertaking will the court require?

💡 Courts routinely vacate ex parte injunctions where there was delay between the cause of action and filing. If you delayed, address the delay in the application itself — do not let the respondent raise it as a surprise at the vacation hearing.

⏰ Limitation Act — Article Identification

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Civil

Use before filing any civil suit to confirm the correct Limitation Act article and verify the suit is within time — or to raise limitation as a defence in a written statement.

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Please identify the applicable article under the Limitation Act 1963 and determine whether the following suit is within time. Nature of claim: [e.g., recovery of money under a promissory note / specific performance of agreement to sell / declaration of title / injunction restraining trespass / damages for negligence] Key facts and dates: - Transaction / agreement date: [date] - Date of breach / default / refusal / dispossession: [date] - Any written acknowledgement of liability signed by the debtor/defendant: [date, if any] - Any part payment made: [date and amount, if any] - Intended date of filing: [today's date / target date] Defendant's position (if I am advising the defendant): [when was the suit filed — is it prima facie time-barred?] Please advise: 1. Which specific article of the Limitation Act applies and what is the prescribed period? 2. When did limitation start to run — exact date? 3. Is the suit within time? 4. If barred, are there any saving provisions — Section 14 (time in wrong court), Section 18 (acknowledgement), Section 20 (part payment)? 5. Note: does Section 5 condonation of delay apply to this type of proceeding? [Reminder: Section 5 does NOT apply to original civil suits — only to applications and appeals]

💡 Section 5 Limitation Act (condonation of delay) does NOT apply to original civil suits — only to appeals and applications. If a suit is barred, it cannot be saved by showing sufficient cause. File in time.

🏡 Specific Performance — Readiness & Willingness

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Civil

Use before drafting a specific performance suit — the readiness and willingness requirement (Section 20 SRA) is the most common ground on which these suits fail.

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I am filing a specific performance suit under Section 10 of the Specific Relief Act 1963 (as amended in 2018). Agreement to sell dated: [date] Property: [brief description] Total agreed consideration: ₹[amount] Advance paid by buyer (my client): ₹[advance] Balance payable at execution: ₹[balance] Date agreed for execution of sale deed: [date] Date seller refused / breach occurred: [date] Readiness and willingness (my client is the buyer): - Did my client ever tender the balance consideration to the seller before the agreed date? [Yes / No — if yes, describe how and when] - After the seller refused, did my client communicate readiness to perform in writing? [Yes / No — describe] - Does my client currently have financial capacity to pay the balance? [Yes / No] Seller's defence (anticipated): [e.g., "buyer was not ready and willing / buyer delayed / time was essence of contract / agreement was entered under duress"] Please advise: 1. Is the readiness and willingness requirement under Section 20 SRA satisfied on these facts? What must the plaint specifically aver? 2. Was time of the essence? If so, what are the consequences? 3. Is specific performance now a right or still discretionary after the 2018 Amendment — does Section 14 SRA bar this suit? 4. What is the correct limitation period and when did it start to run (Article 54)?

💡 After the 2018 Amendment, courts must grant specific performance unless a Section 14 exception applies — it is no longer a purely discretionary remedy. However, readiness and willingness remains a strict pleading requirement that cannot be cured after filing.

🏦 IBC Section 7 — Financial Creditor Research

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Corporate

Use before filing a Section 7 application — to verify that the debt qualifies as "financial debt" under Section 5(8) IBC and to anticipate the Corporate Debtor's admissibility objections.

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I represent a Financial Creditor intending to file a Section 7 IBC application before the NCLT. Financial Creditor: [Name — Bank / NBFC / debenture holder / homebuyer] Corporate Debtor: [Company name, CIN if known] Nature of financial debt: [term loan / working capital facility / debentures / real estate booking advance] Amount outstanding: ₹[X] (confirm this is above the ₹1 crore threshold under Section 4 IBC) Date of original agreement / allotment letter: [date] Date of default: [date — first missed payment / NPA classification / maturity date crossed] NPA classification date (for banks): [date] Outstanding interest / default interest claimed: ₹[Y] Please advise: 1. Does this qualify as "financial debt" under Section 5(8) IBC — which specific sub-clause applies? 2. What is the "date of default" for limitation purposes — is the application within 3 years (Article 137 Limitation Act / Babulal Vardharji Gurjar v. Veer Gurjar Aluminium)? 3. What documents must be annexed with Form 1 (Rule 4) to avoid NCLT rejection? 4. What defences might the Corporate Debtor raise at the admission stage — pre-existing dispute / Form 1 defects / jurisdiction? 5. Which NCLT Bench has jurisdiction (registered office location of Corporate Debtor under Section 60(1) IBC)? 6. Is an urgent hearing / moratorium protection needed while the application is pending?

💡 The NCLT at admission stage does not look into whether there is a genuine dispute about the debt — that is only relevant for operational creditors under Section 9. A financial creditor needs to prove debt + default, nothing more.

⚖️ SAT Appeal — Grounds & Stay Research

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Corporate

Use after receiving an adverse SEBI order to assess SAT appeal prospects and the strength of a stay application before the 45-day limitation expires.

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I am advising a client on a Securities Appellate Tribunal appeal under Section 15T of the SEBI Act 1992. Impugned order details: - Type: [Adjudicating Officer order / Whole Time Member order / Board order] - Reference number and date: [X], dated [date] - Date of receipt of order: [date] - Operative directions: [penalty of ₹X / debarment for Y years / disgorgement of ₹Z / combination] - Regulation alleged to be violated: [e.g., Regulation 4(1) PIT 2015 / Regulation 3 SAST 2011 / Regulation 30 LODR] My client's position: [Brief description — e.g., client traded shares of [Company] on [date]; SEBI says the information was UPSI; client says it was already in public domain / client is not a connected person] Key defences: 1. [e.g., the alleged UPSI was already publicly available — specify the public disclosure and date] 2. [e.g., AO did not consider our documentary evidence filed in reply] 3. [e.g., penalty of ₹X is grossly disproportionate — no investor was prejudiced] Please advise: 1. What is the SAT's standard of review — can it re-appreciate evidence or only review on Wednesbury grounds? 2. Which of the above grounds has the strongest prospect of success at SAT? 3. Is there a strong case for a stay of penalty / debarment pending appeal? What must I show? 4. What is the 45-day limitation rule under Section 15T(2) — has it been complied with here? 5. Cite any relevant SAT or Supreme Court precedents on the specific regulation involved.

💡 File the SAT appeal within 45 days of receipt of the order (Section 15T(2) SEBI Act). SAT can condone delay but tends to be strict — if limitation is tight, file first and cure defects later.

🏛️ Writ Petition — Article 226 Grounds Analysis

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Civil

Use before filing a writ petition to assess which writ type is correct, whether the alternate remedy bar applies, and which constitutional grounds are strongest.

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I am considering filing a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India before the High Court. Petitioner: [Individual / company / association — brief description] Respondent authority: [Specify — State government department / Central government ministry / quasi-judicial body / PSU / municipal body] Nature of impugned action: [Order / notice / policy decision / omission / inaction] dated [date] Effect on petitioner: [brief description of the prejudice suffered] Grounds of challenge (preliminary view): 1. [e.g., order passed without any hearing — violation of principles of natural justice] 2. [e.g., authority acted outside its statutory powers — no provision in [Act] permits this action] 3. [e.g., order is arbitrary — no rational nexus with the statutory objective, violates Article 14] 4. [e.g., legitimate expectation was frustrated — petitioner was given [specific assurance / past consistent practice]] Alternate remedies available: [None / Appeal to [tribunal name] exists under Section [X] of [Act] / Statutory review under Section [Y] — explain why it is not efficacious or adequate] Please advise: 1. Which writ is appropriate — certiorari (quashing), mandamus (directing action), prohibition (restraining authority), or habeas corpus? 2. Is the alternate remedy bar a serious obstacle on these facts? How have courts treated it in similar contexts? 3. Do the stated grounds satisfy the threshold for Article 226 interference? 4. Is there a limitation issue — Article 226 has no fixed period but courts apply laches? 5. What interim relief (stay / status quo) is available and what must I show to obtain it?

💡 The alternate remedy rule is not absolute — courts will entertain a writ even where a statutory appeal exists if: (a) the authority has acted in violation of natural justice; (b) the vires of the statute itself is challenged; or (c) the alternate remedy is not efficacious. Always address it proactively.

🔨 Enforcement — Execution & Contempt Strategy

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Civil

Use when your client has won a decree or order but the other side is not complying — to choose between execution (Order XXI CPC) and civil contempt (Contempt of Courts Act 1971).

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I have obtained a decree / court order that is not being complied with. I need to advise my client on enforcement. Court and case: [Court name], [Case / Suit number] Order / decree dated: [date] Nature of the order or decree: [ ] Money decree — amount: ₹[X] + interest at [Y]% from [date] [ ] Injunction order — restraining [the respondent] from [specific act] [ ] Order for delivery of possession — of [property description] [ ] Specific performance direction [ ] Other: [describe] Judgment Debtor / Contemnor: [Name, address] Current compliance status: [Describe precisely — e.g., "JD has not paid any amount since the decree dated [date]" / "Contemnor continued the restrained activity on [dates]" / "Possession not handed over despite order"] Has the JD / contemnor applied for a stay of the decree or order? [Yes — staying authority and date / No] Please advise: 1. For execution: what is the correct mode under Order XXI CPC — attachment and sale / arrest and civil imprisonment / delivery of possession / appointment of receiver? 2. What is the limitation for execution — 12 years under Article 136 Limitation Act for court decrees? 3. Is civil contempt under Section 2(b) Contempt of Courts Act 1971 the right remedy here, or should I proceed only in execution? Which is faster and more coercive? 4. What must I prove for civil contempt — wilful disobedience + knowledge of the order? 5. What interim measures are available in execution proceedings — attachment before sale, receiver, warrant of arrest?

💡 Contempt is often faster and more coercive than execution for non-money decrees — threat of imprisonment focuses minds quickly. For money decrees, execution with attachment is usually the primary route. You can pursue both simultaneously.

👨‍👩‍👧 Family Law — Divorce & Matrimonial Research

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Family

Use when advising on dissolution of marriage, maintenance, or child custody — to map applicable law, eligibility, and the strongest grounds before filing.

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I am advising a client on dissolution of marriage and related matrimonial reliefs. Personal law applicable: [Hindu Marriage Act 1955 / Muslim Personal Law (MWPRA 2019 if wife) / Special Marriage Act 1954 / Indian Christian Marriage Act / Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act] Date and place of marriage: [date], [place] Living separately since: [date] — duration: [X years Y months] Children: [Yes — ages and with whom currently living / No] Type of divorce: [ ] Mutual consent — both parties willing (Section 13B HMA / Section 28 SMA) [ ] Contested — ground(s): [cruelty (physical / mental) / desertion for 2+ years / adultery / conversion / mental disorder / leprosy / venereal disease / renunciation / civil death] Key disputed issues: - Maintenance / alimony: [Client's position — seeking ₹X per month / lump sum / client is respondent and disputes the quantum] - Child custody: [Primary custody with whom? Visitation? Joint custody proposed?] - Matrimonial property: [Any jointly held property / stridhan to be recovered / HUF assets involved?] Any domestic violence / PWDVA 2005 angle: [Yes — describe / No] Please advise: 1. Is the one-year separation requirement met for mutual consent divorce (Section 13B HMA)? 2. For contested divorce: which ground is strongest on these facts — what evidence is needed? 3. Permanent alimony under Section 25 HMA — how do courts determine quantum? What factors apply? 4. Maintenance under Section 144 BNSS (formerly Section 125 CrPC) — can both HMA and BNSS maintenance be claimed simultaneously? 5. Child custody — what is the court's primary consideration? Is joint custody available under Indian law? 6. Is a PWDVA petition advisable alongside the divorce proceedings?

💡 For mutual consent divorce, both parties must appear for the first motion and again after 6 months for the second motion. The 6-month cooling-off period can be waived by the Supreme Court / HC — cite Amardeep Singh v. Harveen Kaur (2017) 8 SCC 746 if applying for waiver.